1887
Volume 23, Issue 5
  • E-ISSN: 1365-2117

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Evolution of mountain landscapes is controlled by dynamic interactions between erosional processes that vary in efficiency over altitudinal domains. Evaluation of spatial and temporal variations of individual erosion processes can augment our understanding of factors controlling relief and geomorphic development of alpine settings. This study tests the application of detrital apatite (U‐Th)/He thermochronology (AHe) to evaluate variable erosion in small, geologically complex catchments. Detrital grains from glacial and fluvial sediment in a single basin were dated and compared with a bedrock derived age‐elevation relationship to estimate spatial variation in erosion over different climate conditions in the Teton Range, Wyoming. Controls and pitfalls related to apatite quality and yield were fully evaluated to assess this technique. Probability density functions comparing detrital age distributions identify variations in erosional patterns between glacial and fluvial systems and provide insight into how glacial, fluvial, and hillslope processes interact. Similar age distributions representing erosion patterns during glacial and interglacial times suggest the basin may be approaching steady‐state. This also implies that glaciers are limited and no longer act as buzzsaws or produce relief. However, subtle differences in erosional efficiency do exist. The high frequency of apatite cooling ages from high altitudes represents either rapid denudation of peaks and ridges by mass wasting or an artifact of sample quality. A gap in detrital ages near the mean age, or mid‐altitude, indicates the fluvial system is presently transport limited by overwhelming talus deposits. This study confirms that sediment sources can be traced in small basins with detrital AHe dating. It also demonstrates that careful consideration of mineral yield and quality is required, and uniform erosion assumptions needed to extract basin thermal history from detrital ages are not always valid.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2011.00502.x
2011-02-15
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Amidon, W.H., Burbank, D.W. & Gehrels, G.E. (2005) Construction of detrital mineral populations: insights from mixing of U-Pb zircon ages in Himalayan rivers. Basin Res., 17, 463–485.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Anders, M.H. & Sleep, N.H. (1992) Magmatism and extension: the thermal and mechanical effects of the Yellowstone hotspot. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 15379–15393.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Anderson, R.S., Riihimaki, C.A., Safran, E.B. & MacGregor, K.R. (2006) Facing reality: late Cenozoic evolution of smooth peaks, glacially ornamented valleys, and deep river gorges of Colorado's Front Range. In: Tectonics, Climate, and Landscape Evolution (Ed. by S.D.Willett , N.Hovius , M.T.Brandon & D.M.Fisher ), Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 398. pp. 397–418. The Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Arsenault, A.M. & Meigs, A.J. (2005) Contribution of deep‐seated bedrock landslides to erosion of a glaciated basin in southern Alaska. Earth Surface Process. Landforms, 30, 1111–1125.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Attal, M. & Lave, J. (2006) Changes of bedload characteristics along the Marsyandi River (central Nepal): implications for understanding hillslope sediment supply, sediment load evolution along fluvial networks, and denudation in active orogenic belts. In: Tectonics, Climate, and Landscape Evolution (Ed. by S.D.Willett , N.Hovius , M.T.Brandon & D.M.Fisher ), Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap., 398, 143–171.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Barnosky, A.D. (1984) The Colter Formation: evidence for Miocene volcanism in Jackson Hole, Teton County, Wyoming. Wyoming Geol. Assoc. Earth Sci. Bull., 17, 49–95.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Berger, A.L., Spotila, J.A., Chapman, J.B., Pavlis, T.L., Enkelmann, E., Ruppert, N.A. & Buscher, J.T. (2008) Architecture, kinematics, and exhumation of a convergent orogenic wedge: a thermochronological investigation of tectonic-climatic interactions within the central St. Elias orogen, Alaska. Earth Planetary Sci. Lett., 270, 13–24.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Boyce, J.W. & Hodges, K.V. (2005) U and Th zoning in Cerro de Mercado (Durango, Mexico) fluorapatite: insights regarding the impact of recoil redistribution of radiogenic 4He on (U-Th)/He thermochronology. Chem. Geol., 219, 261–274.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Bradley, C.C. (1956) The pre‐Cambrian complex of Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming: Wyoming Geological Association Guidebook, 11th Annual Field Conference.
  10. Brewer, I.D. & Burbank, D.W. (2006) Thermal and kinematic modeling of bedrock and detrital cooling ages in the central Himalaya. J. Geophys. Res., 111, B09409.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Brewer, I.D., Burbank, D.W. & Hodges, K.V. (2003) Modelling detrital cooling‐age populations: insights from two Himalayan catchments. Basin Res., 15, 305–320.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Brewer, I.D., Burbank, D.W. & Hodges, K.V. (2006) Downstream development of a detrital cooling‐age signal: Insights from 40Ar/39Ar muscovite thermochronology in the Nepalese Himalaya. In: Tectonics, Climate, and Landscape Evolution (Ed. by S.D.Willett , N.Hovius , M.T.Brandon & D.M.Fisher ), Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 398. pp. 321–338. The Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Brocklehurst, S. & Whipple, K.X. (2007) Response of glacial landscapes to spatial variations in rock uplift rate. J. Geophys. Res., 112, F02035.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Brocklehurst, S.H. & Whipple, K.X. (2002) Glacial erosion and relief production in the Eastern Sierra Nevada, California. Geomorphology, 42, 1–24.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Brocklehurst, S.H. & Whipple, K.X. (2004) Hypsometry of glaciated landscapes. Earth Surface Process. Landforms, 29, 907–926.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Brown, S.J. (2010) Integrating apatite (U‐Th)/He and fission‐track dating for a comprehensive thermochronological analysis: refining the uplift history of the Teton Range. Master's thesis, Blacksburg, VA, Virginia Tech.
  17. Brozovic, N., Burbank, D.W. & Meigs, A.J. (1997) Climatic limits on landscape development in the Northwestern Himalaya. Science, 276, 571–574.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Burbank, D.W., Leland, J., Fielding, E., Anderson, R.S., Brozovic, N., Reid, M.R. & Duncan, C. (1996) Bedrock incision, rock uplift and threshold hillslopes in the northwestern Himalayas. Nature, 379, 505–510.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Buscher, J.T. & Spotila, J.A. (2007) Near‐field response to transpression along the southern San Andreas fault, based on exhumation of the northern San Gabriel Mountains, southern California. Tectonics, 26, TC5004.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Byrd, J.O.D. (1995) Neotectonics of the Teton Fault, Wyoming. Doctoral thesis, Salt Lake City, UT, University of Utah.
  21. Carrapa, B. & Strecker, M.R. (2005) The sedimentary record of intramontane basins in the southern Central Andes; insight into tectonic versus surface processes interactions in the creation of the Puna Plateau, Abstracts with Programs – Geological Society of America. Vol. 37, Salt Lake City, UT, 481.
  22. Cawood, P.A., Nemchin, A.A., Freeman, M. & Sircombe, K. (2003) Linking source and sedimentary basin: detrital zircon record of sediment flux along a modern river system and implications for provenance studies. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 210, 259–268.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Cawood, P.A., Nemchin, A.A. & Strachan, R. (2007) Provenance record of Laurentian passive‐margin strata in the northern Caledonides: implications for paleodrainage and paleogeography. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 119, 993–1003.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Cerveny, P.F., Naeser, N.D., Zeitler, P.K., Naeser, C.W. & Johnson, N.M. (1988) History of uplift and relief of the Himalaya during the past 18 million years; evidence from fission‐track ages of detrital zircons from sandstones of the Siwalik Group. In: New Perspectives in Basin Analysis: Frontiers in Sedimentary Petrology (Ed. by K.L.Kleinspehn & C.Paola ), pp. 43–61. Springer‐Verlag, New York, NY.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Corrigan, J.D. & Crowley, K.D. (1992) Unroofing of the Himalayas: a view from apatite fission-track analysis of Bengal Fan sediments. Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 2345–2348.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Duhnforth, M., Densmore, A.L., Ivy‐Ochs, S. & Allen, P.A. (2008) Controls on sediment evacuation from glacially modified and unmodified catchments in the eastern Sierra Nevada, California. Earth Surface Process. Landforms, 33, 1602–1613.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Ehlers, T.A. & Farley, K.A. (2003) Apatite (U‐Th)/He thermochronometry: methods and applications to problems in tectonic and surface processes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 206, 1–14.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Emmel, B., Jacobs, J., Crowhurst, P. & Daszinnies, M.C. (2007) Combined apatite fission‐track and single grain apatite (U‐Th)/He ages from basement rocks of central Dronning Maud Land (East Antarctica) ‐ Possible identification of thermally overprinted crustal segments. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 264, 72–88.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Emmel, B., Jacobs, J., Crowhurst, P.V., Austegard, A. & Schwarz‐Schampera, U. (2008) Apatite single‐grain (U‐Th)/He data from Heimefrontfjella, East Antarctica: indications for exhumation related to glacial loading? Tectonics, 27, TC6010.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Farley, K.A. (2000) Helium diffusion from apatite: general behavior as illustrated by Durango fluorapatite. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 2903–2914.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Farley, K.A. & Stockli, D.F. (2002) (U‐Th)/He dating of phosphates; apatite, monazite, and xenotime. In: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Vol. 48 (Ed. by M.J.Kohn , J.Rakovan & J.M.Hughes ), pp. 559–577. Mineralogical Society of America and Geochemical Society, Washington, DC.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Farley, K.A., Wolf, R.A. & Silver, L.T. (1996) The effects of long alpha‐stopping distances on (U‐Th)/He ages. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60, 4223–4229.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Fedo, C.M., Sircombe, K.N. & Rainbird, R.H. (2003) Detrital Zircon Analysis of the Sedimentary Record. In: Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry (Ed. by J.M.Hanchar & P.W.O.Hoskin ). 53, 277–303.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Fitzgerald, P.G., Baldwin, S.L., Webb, L.E. & O'Sullivan, P.B. (2006) Interpretation of (U‐Th)/He single grain ages from slowly cooled crustal terranes: a case study from the Transantarctic Mountains of southern Victoria Land. Chem. Geol., 225, 91–120.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Flowers, R.M. (2009) Exploiting radiation damage control on apatite (U‐Th)/He dates in cratonic regions. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 277, 148–155.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Flowers, R.M., Ketcham, R.A., Shuster, D.L. & Farley, K.A. (2009) Apatite (U‐Th)/He thermochronometry using a radiation damage accumulation and annealing model. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 73, 2347–2365.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Foster, D., Brocklehurst, S.H. & Gawthorpe, R.L. (2008) Small valley glaciers and the effectiveness of the glacial buzzsaw in the northern Basin and Range, USA. Geomorphology, 102, 624–639.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Foster, D., Brocklehurst, S.H. & Gawthorpe, R.L. (2010) Glacial‐topographic interactions in the Teton Range, Wyoming. J. Geophys. Res., 115, F01007.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Frost, R., Frost, C.D., Cornia, M., Chamberlain, K.R. & Kirkwood, R. (2006) The Teton‐Wind River domain: a 2.68–2.67 Ga active margin in the western Wyoming Province. Canad. J. Earth Sci., 43, 1489–1510.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Garver, J.I., Brandon, M.T., Roden‐Tice, M.K. & Kamp, P.J.J. (1999) Exhumation history of orogenic highlands determined by detrital fission‐track thermochronology. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 154, 283–304.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Green, P.F., Crowhurst, P.V., Duddy, I.R., Jaspen, P. & Holford, S.P. (2006) Conflicting (U‐Th)/He and fission track ages in apatite; enhanced He retention, not anomalous annealing behaviour. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 250, 407–427.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Haeussler, P.J., O'Sullivan, P., Berger, A.L. & Spotila, J.A. (2008) Neogene exhumation of the Tordrillo Mountains, Alaska, and correlations with Denali (Mount McKinley). In: Active Tectonics and Seismic Potential of Alaska, Vol. 179 (Ed. by J.T.Freymueller , P.J.Haeussler , R.L.Wesson & G.Ekstrom ), pp. 269–285. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Hales, T.C. & Roering, J.J. (2007) Climatic controls on frost cracking and implications for the evolution of bedrock landscapes. J. Geophys. Res., 112, F02033.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Hampel, A., Hetzel, R. & Densmore, A.L. (2007) Postglacial slip‐rate increase on the Teton normal fault, northern Basin and Range Province, caused by melting of the Yellowstone ice cap and deglaciation of the Teton Range?Geology, 35, 1107–1110.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Harbor, J.M. (1992) Numerical modeling of the development of U‐shaped valleys by glacial erosion. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 104, 1364–1375.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Harbor, J.M. & Warburton, J. (1993) Relative rates of glacial and nonglacial erosion in alpine environments. Arctic Alpine Res., 25, 1–7.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Harkins, N., Kirby, E., Heimsath, A., Robinson, R. & Reiser, U. (2007) Transient fluvial incision in the headwaters of the Yellow River, northeastern Tibet, China. J. Geophys. Res., 112, F03S04.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. House, M.A., Wernicke, B.P., Farley, K.A. & Dumitru, T.A. (1997) Cenozoic thermal evolution of the central Sierra Nevada, California, from (U‐Th)/He thermochonometry. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 151, 167–179.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Jolivet, M., Dempster, T.J. & Cox, R. (2003) Distribution of U and Th in apatites: implications for U-Th/He thermochronology: Comptes Rendus – Academie des Sciences. Geoscience, 335, 899–906.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Kirkbride, M. & Matthews, D. (1997) The role of fluvial and glacial erosion in landscape evolution: the Ben Ohau Range, New Zealand. Earth Surface Process. Landforms, 22, 317–327.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Korup, O. & Schlunegger, F. (2007) Bedrock landsliding, river incision, and transcience of gemorphic hillslope‐channel coupling: evidence from inner gorges in the Swiss Alps. J. Geophys. Res., 112, F03027.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Kowalewski, M. & Rimstidt, J.D. (2003) Average lifetime and age spectra of detrital grains: toward a unifying theory of sedimentary particles. J. Geol., 111, 427–439.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Kuiper, N.H. (1960) Tests concerning random points on a circle. Proc. Koninklijke Nederlandse Akad.van Wetenschappen, 63, 38–47.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Leopold, E.B., Liu, G., Love, J.D. & Love, D.W. (2007) Plio‐Pleistocene climate transition and the lifting of the Teton Range, Wyoming. Quat. Res., 67, 1–11.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Li, Y., Harbor, J.M., Stroeven, A.P., Fabel, D., Kleman, J., Fink, D., Caffee, M. & Elmore, D. (2005) Ice sheet erosion patterns in valley systems in northern Sweden investigated using cosmogenic nuclides. Earth Surface Process. Landforms, 30, 1039–1049.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Licciardi, J.M. & Pierce, K.L. (2008) Cosmogenic exposure‐age chronologies of Pinedale and Bull Lake glaciations in greater Yellowstone and the Teton Range, USA. Quat. Sci. Rev., 27, 814–831.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Love, J.D. (1977) Summary of Upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic stratigraphy and of tectonic and glacial events in Jackson Hole, northwestern Wyoming: Wyoming Geological Association Guidebook, 29th Annual Field Conference Guidebook, pp. 585–593.
  58. Love, J.D., Reed, J.C.Jr. & Christiansen, A.C. (1992) Geologic Map of Grand Teton National Park, Teton County, Wyoming, Map I‐2031. Scale 1:62500. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Love, J.D., Reed, J.C.Jr. & Pierce, K.L. (2003) Creation of the Teton Landscape. Grand Teton Natural History Association, Moose, Wyoming, 132pp.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Machette, M.N., Pierce, K.L., McCalpin, J.P., Haller, K.M. & Dart, R.L. (2001) Map and Data for Quaternary Faults and Folds in Wyoming. Open file report. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, 158pp.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. McAleer, R.J., Spotila, J.A., Enkelmann, E. & Berger, A.L. (2009) Exhumation along the Fairweather fault, southeastern Alaska, based on low‐temperature thermochronometry. Tectonics, 28, TC1007.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. McDowell, F.W., McIntosh, W.C. & Farley, K.A. (2005) A precise 40Ar‐39Ar reference age for the Durango apatite (U‐Th)/He and fission‐track dating standard. Chem. Geol., 214, 249–263.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Meesters, A.G.C.A. & Dunai, T.J. (2002) Solving the production‐diffusion equation for finite diffusion domains of various shapes. Part I. Implications for low‐temperature (U‐Th)/He thermochronology. Chem. Geol., 186, 333–344.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Mitchell, S.G. & Montgomery, D.R. (2006) Influence of a glacial buzzsaw on the height and morphology of the Cascade Range in central Washington State, USA. Quat. Res., 65, 96–107.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Mitchell, S.G. & Reiners, P.W. (2003) Influence of wildfires on apatite and zircon (U‐Th)/He ages. Geology, 31, 1025–1028.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Montgomery, D.R. (2002) Valley formation by fluvial and glacial erosion. Geology, 30, 1047–1050.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Oskin, M.E. & Burbank, D. (2007) Transient landscape evolution of basement‐cored uplifts: example of the Kyrgyz Range, Tian Shan. J. Geophys. Res., 112, F03S03.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Ouimet, W.B., Whipple, K.X. & Granger, D.E. (2009) Beyond threshold hillslopes: channel adjustment to base-level fall in tectonically active mountain ranges. Geology, 37, 579–582.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Pierce, K.L. & Morgan, L.A. (1992) The track of the Yellowstone hot spot; volcanism, faulting, and uplift. In: Regional Geology of Eastern Idaho and Western Wyoming (Ed. by P.K.Link , M.A.Kuntz & L.B.Platt ), Geol. Soc. Am. Mem., 179, 1–53.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Porter, S.C., Pierce, K.L. & Hamilton, T.D. (1983) Late Wisconsin mountain glaciation in the Western United States. In: The Late Pleistocene (Ed. by S.C.Porter ), pp. 71–111. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Puskas, C.M. & Smith, R.B. (2009) Intraplate deformation and microplate tectonics of the Yellowstone hot spot and surrounding western U.S. interior. J. Geophys. Res., 114, B04410.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Rahl, J.M., Ehlers, T.A. & van der Pluijm, B.A. (2007) Quantifying transient erosion of orogens with detrital thermochronology from syntectonic basin deposits. Earth Planetary Sci. Lett., 256, 147–161.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Rahl, J.M., Reiners, P.W., Campbell, I.H., Nicolescu, S. & Allen, C.M. (2003) Combined single‐grain (U‐Th)/He and U/Pb dating of detrital zircons from the Navajo Sandstone, Utah. Geology, 31, 761–764.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Reed, J.C.J. & Zartman, R.E. (1973) Geochronology of Precambrian Rocks of the Teton Range, Wyoming. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 84, 561–582.
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Reiners, P.W. & Farley, K.A. (2001) Influence of crystal size on apatite (U‐Th)/He thermochronology: an example from the Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming. Earth Planetary Sci. Lett., 188, 413–420.
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Reiners, P.W., Thomson, S.N., McPhillips, D., Donelick, R.A. & Roering, J.J. (2007) Wildfire thermochronology and the fate and transport of apatite in hillslope and fluvial environments. J. Geophys. Res., 112, F04001.
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Riihimaki, C.A., Anderson, R.S. & Safran, E.B. (2007) Impact of rock uplift on rates of late Cenozoic Rocky Mountain river incision. J. Geophys. Res., 112, F03S02.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Roberts, S.V. & Burbank, D.W. (1993) Uplift and thermal history of the Teton Range (northwestern Wyoming) defined by apatite fission‐track dating. Earth Planetary Sci. Lett., 118, 295–309.
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Ruhl, K.W. & Hodges, K.V. (2005) The use of detrital mineral cooling ages to evaluate steady state assumptions in active orogens: an example from the central Nepalese Himalaya. Tectonics, 24, TC4015.
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Schmidt, K.M. & Montgomery, D.R. (1995) Limits to Relief. Science, 270, 617–620.
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Shuster, D.L. & Farley, K.A. (2009) The influence of artificial radiation damage and thermal annealing on helium diffusion kinetics in apatite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 73, 183–196.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Small, E.E. & Anderson, R.S. (1998) Pleistocene relief production in Laramide mountain ranges, western United States. Geology, 26, 123–126.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Small, E.E., Anderson, R.S. & Hancock, G.S. (1999) Estimates of the rate of regolith production using 10Be and 26Al from an alpine hillslope. Geomorphology, 27, 131–150.
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Smith, R.B., Byrd, J.O.D. & Susong, D.D. (1993) The Teton Fault, Wyoming: Seismotectonics, Quaternary History, and Earthquake Hazards. In: Geology of Wyoming (Ed. by A.W.Snoke , J.R.Steiatmann & S.M.Roberts ), Vol. 5, 628–667. Geological Survey of Wyoming, Laramie, WY.
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Spotila, J.A., Bank, G.C., Reiners, P.W., Naeser, C.W., Naeser, N.D. & Henika, B.S. (2004) Origin of the Blue Ridge escarpment along the passive margin of Eastern North America. Basin Res., 16, 41–63.
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Stephens, M.A. (1965) The goodness‐of‐fit statistic V N : distribution and significance points. Biometrika, 52, 309–321.
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Stock, G.M., Ehlers, T.A. & Farley, K.A. (2006) Where does sediment come from? Quantifying catchment erosion with detrital apatite (U‐Th)/He thermochronometry. Geology, 34, 725–728.
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Stock, J.D. & Montgomery, D.R. (1996) Estimating Paleorelief from detrital mineral age ranges. Basin Research, 8, 317–327.
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Straumann, R.K. & Korup, O. (2009) Quantifying postglacial sediment storage at the mountain‐belt scale. Geology, 37, 1079–1082.
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Vermeesch, P. (2004) How many grains are needed for a provenance study?Earth Planetary Sci. Lett., 224, 441–451.
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Vermeesch, P. (2007) Quantitative geomorphology of the White Mountains (California) using detrital apatite fission track thermochronology. J. Geophys. Res., 112, F03004.
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Whipp, D.M.J., Ehlers, T.A., Braun, J. & Spath, C.D. (2009) Effects of exhumation kinematics and topographic evolution on detrital thermochronometer data. J. Geophysi. Res., 114, F04021.
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Whipple, K.X., Kirby, E. & Brocklehurst, S.H. (1999) Geomorphic limits to climate‐induced increases in topographic relief. Nature, 401, 39–43.
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Willett, S.D. & Brandon, M.T. (2002) On steady states in mountain belts. Geology, 30, 175–178.
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Wolf, R.A., Farley, K.A. & Silver, L.T. (1996) Helium diffusion and low‐temperature thermochronometry of apatite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60, 4231–4140.
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Zartman, R.E. & Reed, J.C.Jr. (1998) Zircon geochronology of the Webb Canyon Gneiss and Mount Owen Quartz Monzonite, Teton Range, Wyoming: significance to dating late Archean metamorphism in the Wyoming Craton. Mounain Geol., 35, 71–77.
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2011.00502.x
Loading
/content/journals/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2011.00502.x
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplements

Photos of detrital sample locations. (a) Sample TTS‐1 was collected from a quickly flowing section of the Garnet Canyon stream, near the bank where sediments were able to settle (Fig. 5a). (b) Sample TTS‐3 was collected on the innermost moraine ridge north of Bradley Lake after removal of the upper ~5 cm of material and vegetation debris from the surface (Fig. 5a). Observations of 100 clasts from this moraine showed that the vast majority (99%) was derived from the typical igneous and metamorphic rocks found in Garnet Canyon, and thus were not mixed with sediment pushed by large valley glaciers along the floor of Jackson Hole. Sampling distributions of Kuiper asymptotic statistic [Ka] estimated using Monte Carlo simulations. Each distribution is based on a separate simulation consisting of 1000 replicate samples drawn randomly from the probability function given by the PDF estimated with hypsometry and age‐elevation relationship. Arrows indicate the value of Ka statistic for the actual sample. (a) A simulation for the fluvial dataset (sample size =77) for 10% uncertainty; (b) A simulation for the glacial dataset (sample size =60) for 10% uncertainty; (c) A simulation for the fluvial dataset (sample size =77) for 20% uncertainty; (d) A simulation for the glacial dataset (sample size =60) for 20% uncertainty. See Supplementary text and Table S3 for additional information. PDF calculated with 20% uncertainty for ages predicted with the age‐elevation relationship excluding sample TT‐1 (Equation: =18.314×+2396). The maximum predicted age is 98 Ma. The glacial distribution has fewer significant old ages, but the fluvial system still produces an abundance of old ages. Ages as old as 100 Ma are unexpected, however, based on apatite fission track studies in the area (Roberts & Burbank, 1993). AHe data for detrital grains. Kuiper statistic results. Statistical estimates of observed differences in shapes of age distributions derived using Monte Carlo simulations. The difference in shape of distributions measured using Kuiper asymptotic [Ka] statistic. See Monte Carlo methods for detailed explanation of the resampling protocol. Four separate 1000‐iteration simulations are reported below.Please note: Wiley‐Blackwell is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting materials supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

Supporting info item

Supporting info item

Supporting info item

Supporting info item

Supporting info item

Supporting info item

Supporting info item

Supporting info item

  • Article Type: Research Article

Most Cited This Month Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error