1887
Volume 12 Number 1
  • ISSN: 1569-4445
  • E-ISSN: 1873-0604
PDF

Abstract

ABSTRACT

The internal moisture dynamics of an aged (> 100 years old) railway earthwork embankment, which is still in use, are investigated using 2D and 3D resistivity monitoring. A methodology was employed that included automated 3D ERT data capture and telemetric transfer with on‐site power generation, the correction of resistivity models for seasonal temperature changes and the translation of subsurface resistivity distributions into moisture content based on petrophysical relationships developed for the embankment material. Visualization of the data as 2D sections, 3D tomo‐grams and time series plots for different zones of the embankment enabled the development of seasonal wetting fronts within the embankment to be monitored at a high‐spatial resolution and the respective distributions of moisture in the flanks, crest and toes of the embankment to be assessed. Although the embankment considered here is at no immediate risk of failure, the approach developed for this study is equally applicable to other more high‐risk earthworks and natural slopes.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.3997/1873-0604.2013002
2012-12-01
2024-04-25
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/nsg/12/1/nsg2013002.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.3997/1873-0604.2013002&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. BedrosianP.A., BurtonB.L., PowersM.H., MinsleyB.J., PhillipsJ.D. and HunterL.E.2012. Geophysical investigations of geology and structure at the Martis Creek Dam, Truckee, California. Journal of Applied Geophysics77, 7–20.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. BidderF.W.1900. The Great Central Railway Extension: Northern Division. ICE, Vol. CXLII, Session 1899‐1900, Part IV, Paper 3227, pp. 1–22.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. BlaneyH.F. and CriddleW.D.1962. Determining consumptive use and irrigation water requirements, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service Technical Bulletin1275.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. BromheadE.N.1986. The Stability of Slopes.Surrey University Press (Glasgow and New York, USA). ISBN 0412010615.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. BrunetP., ClementR. and BouvierC.2010. Monitoring soil water content and deficit using Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) – A case study in the Cevennes area, France. Journal of Hydrology380, 146–153.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. CassianiG., GodioA., StoccoS., VillaA., DeianaR., FrattiniP. and RossiM.2009. Monitoring the hydrologic behaviour of a mountain slope via time‐lapse electrical resistivity tomography. Near Surface Geophysics7(5–6), 475–486. doi: 10.3997/1873‐0604.2009013.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. ChambersJ.E., GunnD.A., WilkinsonP.B., OgilvyR.D., GhataoraG.S., BurrowM.P.N. and SmithR.T.2008. Non‐invasive Time‐lapse Imaging of Moisture Content Changes in Earth Embankments Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT). Advances in Transportation Geotechnics.CRC Press‐Taylor & Francis Group, 475–480.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. ChambersJ.E., WilkinsonP.B., KurasO., FordJ.R., GunnD.A., MeldrumP.I.et al. 2011. Three‐dimensional geophysical anatomy of an active landslide in Lias Group mudrocks, Cleveland Basin, UK. Geomorphology125, 472–484.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. ChambersJ.E., WilkinsonP.B., WealthallG.P., LokeM.H., DeardenR., WilsonR.et al. 2010. Hydrogeophysical imaging of deposit heterogeneity and groundwater chemistry changes during DNAPL source zone bioremediation. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology118, 43–61.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. ChoI.K. and YeomJ.Y.2007. Cross‐line resistivity tomography for the delineation of anomalous seepage pathways in an embankment dam. Geophysics72, G31–G38.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. ClarkeD. and SmethurstJ.2010. Effects of climate change on cycles of wetting and drying in engineered clay slopes in England. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology43(4), 473–486.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Di MaioR. and PiegariE.2011. Water storage mapping of pyroclastic covers through electrical resistivity measurements. Journal of Applied Geophysics75, 196–202.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Di MaioR. and PiegariE.2012. A study of the stability analysis of pyroclastic covers based on electrical resistivity measurements. Journal of Geophysics and Engineering9, 191–200.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. DonohueS., GavinK. and TolooiyanA.2011. Geophysical and geotechnical assessment of a railway embankment failure. Near Surface Geophysics9 (1), 33–44. doi: 10.3997/1873‐0604.2010040.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. FortierR., LeBlancA.M. and YuW.B.2011. Impacts of permafrost degradation on a road embankment at Umiujaq in Nunavik (Quebec), Canada. Canadian Geotechnical Journal48, 720–740.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. GunnD.A, HaslamE., KirkhamM., ChambersJ.E, LacinskaA., MilodowskiA. et al. 2009. Moisture measurements in an end‐tipped embankment: Application for studying long term stability and ageing. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Railway Engineering,London.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. GunnD.A., ReevesH.J., ChambersJ.E., GhataoraG.S., BurrowM.P.N., WestonP. et al. 2008. New Geophysical and Geotechnical Approaches to Characterise Under Utilised Earthworks. Advances in Transportation Geotechnics.CRC Press‐Taylor & Francis Group, 299–305.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. HayleyK., BentleyL.R., GharibiM. and NightingaleM.2007. Low temperature dependence of electrical resistivity: Implications for near surface geophysical monitoring. Geophysical Research Letters34, L18402.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. HeinckeB., GuntherT., DalseggE., RonningJ.S., GanerodG.V. and ElvebakkH.2010. Combined three‐dimensional electric and seismic tomography study on the Aknes rockslide in western Norway. Journal of Applied Geophysics70, 292–306.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. HusbandC.R., CassidyN.J. and StimpsonI.G.2009. The geophysical investigation of lake water seepage in the regulated environment of the Bosherston Lily Ponds, South Wales, UK. Part 2: Historical, dam‐related pathways. Near Surface Geophysics7(5–6), 517–528. doi: 10.3997/1873‐0604.2009044.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. JacksonP.D., LovellM.A., RobertsJ.A., SchultheissP.J., GunnD., FlintR.C. et al. 2006. Rapid non‐contacting resistivity logging of core. In: New techniques in sediment core analysis, (ed. R.GRothwell ), p. 267. Geological Society Special Publication.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. JacksonP.D., NorthmoreK.J., MeldrumP.I., GunnD.A., HallamJ.R., WamburaJ.et al. 2002. Non‐invasive moisture monitoring within an earth embankment ‐ A precursor to failure. NDT & E International35, 107–115.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. JongmansD. and GaramboisS.2007. Geophysical investigation of landslides: A review. Bulletin De La Societe Geologique De France178, 101–112.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. KimJ.H., YiM.J., SongY., SeolS.J. and KimK.S.2007. Application of geophysical methods to the safety analysis of an earth dam. Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics12, 221–235.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. LaBrecqueD.J., HeathG., SharpeR. and VersteegR.2004. Autonomous monitoring of fluid movement using 3‐D electrical resistivity tomography. Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics9(3), 167–176.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. LawsonM. and O’CallaghanD.1995. A critical analysis of the role of trees in damage to low rise buildings. Journal of Arboriculture21(2), 90–97.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. LebourgT., BinetS., TricE., JomardH. and El BedouiS.2005. Geophysical survey to estimate the 3D sliding surface and the 4D evolution of the water pressure on part of a deep seated landslide. Terra Nova17, 399–406.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. LokeM.H. and BarkerR.D.1995. Least‐Squares Deconvolution of Apparent Resistivity Pseudosections. Geophysics60, 1682–1690.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. LokeM.H and BarkerR.D.1996. Practical techniques for 3D resistivity surveys and data inversion. Geophysical Prospecting44(3), 499–523.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. ManningL.J., HallJ.W., KilsbyC.G., GlendinningS. and AndersonM.G.2008. Spatial analysis of the reliability of transport networks subject to rainfall‐induced landslides. Hydrological Processes22, 3349–3360.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. MillerP.E., MillsJ.P., BarrS.L., BirkinshawS.J., HardyA.J., ParkinG. and HallS.J.2012. A Remote Sensing Approach for Landslide Hazard Assessment on Engineered Slopes. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing50, 1048–1056.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. MinsleyB.J., BurtonB.L., IkardS. and PowersM.H.2011. Hydrogeophysical Investigations at Hidden Dam, Raymond, California. Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics16, 145–164.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. NiesnerE.2010. Subsurface resistivity changes and triggering influences detected by continuous geoelectrical monitoring. The Leading Edge29(8), 952–955.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. OgilvyR.D., MeldrumP.I., KurasO., WilkinsonP.B., ChambersJ.E., SenM.et al. 2009. Automated monitoring of coastal aquifers with electrical resistivity tomography. Near Surface Geophysics7(5–6), 367–375. doi: 10.3997/1873‐0604.2009027.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. OhS.2012. Safety assessment of dams by analysis of the electrical properties of the embankment material. Engineering Geology129, 76–90.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. PerryJ., PedleyM. and ReidM.2003. Infrastructure embankments ‐Conditional appraisal and remedial treatment.CIRIA, London, U.K., CIRIA Rep. C592.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. PonceV.M.1989. Engineering Hydrology, Principles and Practices.Prentice Hall.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. PressW.H., TeukolskyS.A., VetterlingW.T. and FlanneryB.P.1992. Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing,2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. ShevninV., MousatovA., RyjovA. and Delgado‐RodriquezO.2007. Estimation of clay content in soil based on resistivity modelling and laboratory measurements. Geophysical Prospecting55, 265–275.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. SjodahlP., DahlinT. and JohanssonS.2009. Embankment dam seepage evaluation from resistivity monitoring data. Near Surface Geophysics7(5–6), 463–474. doi: 10.3997/1873‐0604.2009023.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. SjodahlP., DahlinT. and JohanssonS.2010. Using the resistivity method for leakage detection in a blind test at the Rossvatn embankment dam test facility in Norway. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment69, 643–658.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. SjodahlP., DahlinT., JohanssonS. and LokeM.H.2008. Resistivity monitoring for leakage and internal erosion detection at Hallby embankment dam. Journal of Applied Geophysics65, 155–164.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. SupperR., RömerA., JochumB., BieberG. and JaritzW.2008. A complex geo‐scientific strategy for landslide hazard mitigation – From airborne mapping to ground monitoring. Advances in Geosciences14, 195–200.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. UdphuayS., GuntherT., EverettM.E., WardenR.R. and BriaudJ.L.2011. Three‐dimensional resistivity tomography in extreme coastal terrain amidst dense cultural signals: Application to cliff stability assessment at the historic D‐Day site. Geophysical Journal International185, 201–220.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. WaxmanM.H. and SmitsL.J.M.1968. Electrical conductivities in oil‐bearing shaly sands. Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal8, 107–122.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. WilkinsonP.B., ChambersJ.E., MeldrumP.I., GunnD.A., OgilvyR.D. and KurasO.2010a. Predicting the movements of permanently installed electrodes on an active landslide using time‐lapse geoelectrical resistivity data only. Geophysical Journal International183(2), 543–556.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. WilkinsonP.B., MeldrumP.I., KurasO., ChambersJ.E., HolyoakeS.J. and OgilvyR.D.2010b. High‐resolution Electrical Resistivity Tomography monitoring of a tracer test in a confined aquifer. Journal of Applied Geophysics70(4), 268–276.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. XuC.Y. and SinghV.P.2001. Evaluation and generalization of temperature‐based methods for calculating evaporation. Hydrological Processes15(2), 305–319.
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.3997/1873-0604.2013002
Loading
/content/journals/10.3997/1873-0604.2013002
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article

Most Cited This Month Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error