f 3D Outcrop Characterization Using Photogrammetry: Application to Structural, Stratigraphic, and Reservoir Modeling

Three-dimensional (3D) outcrop models provide a powerful way of visualizing and analyzing geologic data. Recent improvements in the flight and photographic capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles and the development of user-friendly photogrammetry software have allowed 3D outcrop models to be generated efficiently. Such outcrop models have potential to contribute to reservoir modeling, facies analysis, and virtual exploration of outcrops in the convenience of the office setting. We present a workflow for extracting quantitative information from 3D outcrop models that includes use of an orthographic projection to create pseudo cross-sectional profiles that are amenable to quantitative analysis. In cases where outcrop bedding is dipping, the model can be rotated such that the view looks down bedding plunge. A high-resolution, georeferenced image is then exported and interpreted using geographic information systems or graphing software. We illustrate this approach through application to structurally complex submarine landslide outcrops, with examples provided from the Taranaki (New Zealand) and San Joaquin (California) basins. In both case studies, our approach to virtual outcrop modeling allows for improved structural and stratigraphic analysis of these submarine landslide deposits. This approach can also be widely applied to a range of outcrop types with application to stratigraphic and reservoir modeling.