On the Definition of an Effective Stress for Shales

References

1. Alonso, E. E., Pereira, J. M., Vaunat, J. and Olivella, S.
   (2010) ‘A microstructurally based effective stress for unsaturated soils', Géotechnique, 60(12), pp. 913–925. doi: 10.1680/geot.8.P.002.
   https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.8.P.002 [Google Scholar]
2. Bolt, G. H. and Bruggenwert, M. G. M.
   (1976) Soil Chemistry. Part A: Basic Elements.
   [Google Scholar]
3. Cekerevac, C. and Laloui, L.
   (2004) ‘Experimental study of thermal effects on the mechanical behaviour of a clay’, J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech, 28(April 2003), pp. 209–228. doi: 10.1002/nag.332.
   https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.332 [Google Scholar]
4. Di Maio, C. and Fenelli, B.
   (1994) ‘Residual strength of kaoilin and bentonite: the influence of their constituent pore fluid’, Geotechnique, 44(4), pp. 217–226.
   [Google Scholar]
5. Escario, V. and Sáez, J.
   (1986) ‘The shear strength of partly saturated soils', Géotechnique, 36(3), pp. 453–456. doi: 10.1680/geot.1986.36.3.453.
   https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1986.36.3.453 [Google Scholar]
6. Ewy, R. T.
   (2014) ‘Shale swelling/shrinkage and water content change due to imposed suction and due to direct brine contact’, Acta Geotechnica, 9(5), pp. 869–886. doi: 10.1007/s11440‑013‑0297‑5.
   https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-013-0297-5 [Google Scholar]
7. Ewy, R. T.
   (2015) ‘Shale/claystone response to air and liquid exposure, and implications for handling, sampling and testing’, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. Elsevier, 80, pp. 388–401. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2015.10.009.
   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2015.10.009 [Google Scholar]
8. Favero, V.
   (2017) Multiphysical Behavior of Shales from Northern Switzerland, No. 7539. Thèse Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne EPFL (2017).
   [Google Scholar]
9. Favero, V., Ferrari, A. and Laloui, L.
   (2016) ‘Thermo-mechanical volume change behaviour of Opalinus Clay’, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. Elsevier, 90(July), pp. 15–25. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2016.09.013.
   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2016.09.013 [Google Scholar]
10. Ferrari, A., Favero, V. and Laloui, L.
    (2016) ‘One-dimensional compression and consolidation of shales', International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 88, pp. 286–300. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2016.07.030.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2016.07.030 [Google Scholar]
11. Ferrari, A., Favero, V., Marschall, P. and Laloui, L.
    (2014) ‘Experimental analysis of the water retention behaviour of shales', International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. Elsevier, 72, pp. 61–70. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2014.08.011.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2014.08.011 [Google Scholar]
12. Hueckel, T.
    (1992) ‘On effective stress concepts and deformation in clays subjected to environmental loads: Discussion’, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 29(6), pp. 1120–1125. doi: 10.1139/t92‑130.
    https://doi.org/10.1139/t92-130 [Google Scholar]
13. Laloui, L. and Nuth, M.
    (2009) ‘On the use of the generalised effective stress in the constitutive modelling of unsaturated soils', Computers and Geotechnics. Elsevier Ltd, 36(1–2), pp. 20–23. doi: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2008.03.002.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2008.03.002 [Google Scholar]
14. Lu, N., Godt, J. W. and Wu, D. T.
    (2010) ‘A closed-form equation for effective stress in unsaturated soil’, Water Resources Research, 46(5), pp. 1–14. doi: 10.1029/2009WR008646.
    https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008646 [Google Scholar]
15. Manca, D., Ferrari, A. and Laloui, L.
    (2016) ‘Fabric evolution and the related swelling behaviour of a sand/bentonite mixture upon hydro-chemo-mechanical loadings', Géotechnique, 66(1), pp. 41–57. doi: 10.1680/jgeot.15.P.073.
    https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.15.P.073 [Google Scholar]
16. Minardi, A., Crisci, E., Ferrari, A. and Laloui, L.
    (2016) ‘Anisotropic volumetric behaviour of Opalinus clay shale upon suction variation’, Géotechnique Letters, 6(2), pp. 144–148. doi: 10.1680/jgele.16.00023.
    https://doi.org/10.1680/jgele.16.00023 [Google Scholar]
17. Nuth, M. and Laloui, L.
    (2008) ‘Effective stress concept in unsaturated soils: Clarification and validation of a unified framework’, Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech., 32, pp. 771–801.
    [Google Scholar]
18. Rosone, M., Airò Farulla, C. and Ferrari, A.
    (2016) ‘Shear strength of a compacted scaly clay in variable saturation conditions', Acta Geotechnica. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 11(1), pp. 37–50. doi: 10.1007/s11440‑015‑0379‑7.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-015-0379-7 [Google Scholar]
19. Terzaghi, K., Peck, R. B. and Mesri, G.
    (1996) Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice. 3rd ed. Edited by Wiley. New York.
    [Google Scholar]
20. Vanapalli, S. K., Fredlund, D. G., Pufahl, D. E. & Clifton, A. W.
    (1996) ‘Model for the prediction of shear strength with respect to soil suction’, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 33(3), pp. 379–392.
    [Google Scholar]
21. Wakim, J., Hadj-Hassen, F. and De Windt, L.
    (2009) ‘Effect of aqueous solution chemistry on the swelling and shrinkage of the Tournemire shale’, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. Elsevier, 46(8), pp. 1378–1382. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2009.08.002.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2009.08.002 [Google Scholar]
22. Witteveen, P., Ferrari, A. and Laloui, L.
    (2013) ‘An experimental and constitutive investigation on the chemo-mechanical behaviour of a clay’, Géotechnique, 63(3), pp. 244–255. doi: 10.1680/geot.SIP13.P.027.
    https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.SIP13.P.027 [Google Scholar]
23. Wong, R.
    (1998) ‘Swelling and softening behaviour of La Biche shale’, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 35, pp. 206–221. doi: 10.1139/t97‑087.
    https://doi.org/10.1139/t97-087 [Google Scholar]