Interior cratonic basins of Africa: relation to continental break‐up and role of mantle convection

References

1. Ahern, J. L. & Dikeou, P. J. (1989) Evolution of the lithosphere beneath the Michigan Basin. Earth planer. Sci. Lert., 95, 73–84.
   [Google Scholar]
2. Airy, G. B. (1855). On the computation of the effect of the attraction of the mountain‐masses, as disturbing the apparent astronomical latitude of stations in geodetic surveys. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London, 145, 101–104.
   [Google Scholar]
3. Avbovbo, A. A., Ayooia, E. D. & Osahon, G. A. (1986). Depositional style and structural styles in the Chad Basin of northeast Nigeria. Bull. Am. Ass. petrol. Geol., 70, 1787–1798.
   [Google Scholar]
4. B. C.Storey
   Bailey, D. K. (1992). Episodic alkaline magmatic activity in Africa. In: Magmaism and the Causes Continental Break‐Up . (Ed. by B. C.Storey , T.Alabaster & R. J.Pankhurst), Geological Society of London Special Publication68, 91–99.
   [Google Scholar]
5. Baker, B. H., Mohr, P. A. & Williams, L. A. J. (1972). The Geology of the Eastern Rift System of Africa. Spec. Publ. Geological Society of America136.
   [Google Scholar]
6. Bands, R. J., Parker, R. L. & Huestis, S. P. (1977) Isostatic compensation on a continental scale: local versus regional mechanisms. Geophys. J. Royal astron. Soc., 51, 431–452.
   [Google Scholar]
7. Barrell., J. (1914) Thc strength of the Earth's crust VIII. Physical conditions controlling thc nature of the lithospherc and asthenosphere. J. Geol., 22, 425–443.
   [Google Scholar]
8. Barton, P. J. & Wood, R. J. (1984). Tectonic evolution of the North Sea Basin: crustal stretching and subsidence. Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 49, 987–1022.
   [Google Scholar]
9. Bechtel., T. D. (1990) Mechanisms of isostatic compensation in East Africa and North America . PhD thesis, Brown University, Chicago .
10. Bechtel, T. D., Forsyth, D. W., Sharpton, V. I., & Grieve, R. A. F. (1990) Variations in the effective elastic thickness of the North American lithosphere. Nature, 343, 636–638.
    [Google Scholar]
11. Bechtel, T.D., Forsyth, D. W. & Swain., C. J. (1987). Mechanisms of isostatic cornpensation in the vicinity of the East African Rift, Kenya. Geophys. J. Royal astron. Soc., 90, 445–465.
    [Google Scholar]
12. Binks, R. M. & Fajrhead, J. D. (1992) A plate tectonic setting for Mesozoic rifts of West and Ceniral Africa. Tectonophysics, 213, 141–151.
    [Google Scholar]
13. Bond, G. C. (1978a) Evidence for late Tertiary uplift of Africa relative to North America, South America, Australia and Europe. J. Geol., 86, 47–65.
    [Google Scholar]
14. Bond, G. C. (1978b) Speculations on real sea‐level changes and vertical motions of continents at selected times in the Cretaceous and Terti Periods. Geology, 6, 247–250.
    [Google Scholar]
15. Bond, G. C. (1979) Evidence for some uplifts of large magnitude in continental platforms. Tectonophysics, 61, 285–305.
    [Google Scholar]
16. Bond, G. C., Nickeson, P. A. & Kominz, M. (1984) Break‐up of a super‐continent between 625 Ma and 555 Ma: new evidence and implications for continental histories. Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 70, 325–345.
    [Google Scholar]
17. Bow, M. H. P. (1993) Modelling the plate‐driving mechanism. J. geol. Soc., 150, 941–951.
    [Google Scholar]
18. Bowie, W. (1927) Isostasy. E. P. Dutton and Co., New York. Bowin, C. (1991) The Earth's gravity field and plate tectonics. Tectonophysics, 187, 68–89.
    [Google Scholar]
19. Briden, J. C. & Gass, I. G. (1974) Plate movement and continental magmatism. Nature, 248, 650–653.
    [Google Scholar]
20. Burke, K. C. (1976) The Chad Basin: an active intra‐continental basin. Tectonophysics, 36, 197–206.
    [Google Scholar]
21. Burke, K. C. & Dewey, J. F. (1973) Plume‐generated triple junctions: key indicators in applying plate tectonics to old rocks. J. Geol., 81, 406–433.
    [Google Scholar]
22. D.Tarling
    Burke, K. C. & Whiteman, A. (1973) Uplift, rifting and the breakup of Africa. In: Implications of Continental Drifi to the Earth Sciences (Ed. by D.Tarling & S. K.Runcorn ), pp. 735–755. Academic Press, London .
    [Google Scholar]
23. Burke, K. C. & Wilson, J. T. (1976) Hotspots on the Earth's surface. Sci. Am., 235, 46–57.
    [Google Scholar]
24. Cahen, L. (1954) Géologie du Congo Belge. Vaillant‐Carmanne, Liège.
    [Google Scholar]
25. Cahen, L., Snelling, N. J., Delhal, J. & Vail, J. R. (1984) The Geochronology and Evolution of Afica. Oxford University Press, Oxford .
    [Google Scholar]
26. Chase, C. G. (1979) Subduction, the geoid and lower mantle convection. Nature, 282, 464–468.
    [Google Scholar]
27. K. L.Kleinspehn
    Cloetingh, S. (1988) Intraplate stresses: a new element in basin analysis. In: New Perspertiucs in Basin Analysis (Ed. by K. L.Kleinspehn & C.Paola ), pp. 205–230. Springer‐Verlag, New York .
    [Google Scholar]
28. Cox, K. G. (1989) The role of mantle plumes in the development of continental drainage patterns. Nature, 342, 873–877.
    [Google Scholar]
29. Cratchley, C. R., Louis, P. & Ajakaiye, D. E. (1984) Geophysical and geological evidence for the Bcnue‐Chad Basin Cretaceous rift valley system and its tectonic implications. J. African Earth Sci.2, 141–150.
    [Google Scholar]
30. Crough, S. T. & Jurdy, D. M. (1980) Subducted lithosphere, hotspots and the geoid. Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 48, 15–22.
    [Google Scholar]
31. Daly, M. C., Lawrence, S. R., Diemu‐tshiband, K. & Matouana, B. (1992) Tectonic evolution of the Cuvette Centrale, Zaire. J. geol. Soc. London, 149, 539–546.
    [Google Scholar]
32. Daly, M. C., Lawrence., S. R., Kimuna, D. & Binga, M. (1991) Late Palaeozoic deformation in central Africa: a result of a distant collisionNature, 350, 605.
    [Google Scholar]
33. Davies, G. F. (1988). Ocean bathymetry and mantle convection, 1, Large‐scale flow and hotspots. J. geophys. Res., 93, 10467–10480.
    [Google Scholar]
34. Derito, K. F., Cozzareli, F. A. & Hodges, D. S. (1983) Mechanisms of subsidence in ancient cratonic rift basins. Tectonophysics, 94, 141–168.
    [Google Scholar]
35. Dziewonski, A. M. (1984) Mapping the lower mantle: determination of lateral hetreogeneity in P velocity up to degree and order 6. J. geophys. Res., 89, 5929–5952.
    [Google Scholar]
36. Ebinger, C. J., Bechtel., T. D., Forsyth, D. W. & Rowin, C. O. (1989) Effective elastic plate thickness beneath the East African and Afar Plateaus and dynamic compensation of the uplifts. J. geophys. Res., 94, 2883–2901.
    [Google Scholar]
37. Ebinger, C. J., Karner, G. D. & Weissel., J. K. (1991) Mechanical strength of extended continental lithosphere: constraints from the western rift system, Africa. Tectonics, 10, 1239–1256.
    [Google Scholar]
38. L. E.Frostick
    Fairhead, J. D. (1985) Geophysical controls on the sedimentation within African rift basins. In: Sedimentation in the African Rifts (Ed. by L. E.Frostick et al.), Geological Society Special Publication, 25, 19–27.
    [Google Scholar]
39. Fairhead, J. D. & Binks, R. M. (1991) Differential opening of the Central and South Atlantic Oceans and the opening of the West African rift system. Tectonophysics, 187, 191–203.
    [Google Scholar]
40. Fairhead, J. D. & Girdler, K. W. (1971). The seismicity of Africa. Geophys. J. Royal astron. Soc., 24, 271–301.
    [Google Scholar]
41. Fairhead, J. D. & Green, C. M. (1989) Controls on rifting in Africa and the regional tectonic model for the Nigeria and East Niger rift basins. J. African Earth Sci., 8, 231–249.
    [Google Scholar]
42. Faijrhead, J. D. & Reeves, C. V. (1977) Teleseismic delay times, Bouguer anomalies and the inferred thickness of the African plate. Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 36, 63–76.
    [Google Scholar]
43. Forney, G. G. (1975) Permo‐Triassic sea‐level change. J. Geol., 83, 773–779.
    [Google Scholar]
44. Forsyth, D. W. (1985) Subsurface loading and estimates of the flexural rigidity of continental lithosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 38–47.
    [Google Scholar]
45. Fowler, C. M. R. & Nosbet, E. G. (1985) The subsidence of the Williston Basin. Can. J. Earth Sci., 22, 408–415.
    [Google Scholar]
46. A. E. M.Nairn
    Franks, S. & Nairn, A. E. M. (1973) The equatorial marginal basins of west Africa. In: The Ocean Basins and Margins, Vol. 1. The South Atlantic (Ed. by A. E. M.Nairn & F. G.Stehli ), pp. 301–350. Plenum Press, New York .
    [Google Scholar]
47. Genik, G. J. (1992). Regional framework, structural and petroleum aspects of rift basins in Niger, Chad and the Central African Republic (C.A.R.). Tectonophysics, 213, 141–151.
    [Google Scholar]
48. Gilchrist, A. R. & Summerfield, M. A. (1990) Differential denudation and flexural isostasy in the formation of rifted margin uplifts. Nature, 346, 739–742.
    [Google Scholar]
49. Guiraud, R., Binks, R. M., Fairhead, J. D. & Wilaon, M. (1992). Chronology and geodynamic setting of Cretaceous‐Cenozoic rifting in West and Central Africa. Tectonophysics., 213, 227–234.
    [Google Scholar]
50. Guiraud, R. & Maurin, J. C. (1992) Early Cretaceous rifts of western and central Africa: an overview. Tectonophysics, 213, 153–168.
    [Google Scholar]
51. Hadiouche, O. & Jobert, N. (1988). Geographical distribution of surface‐wave velocities and 3‐D upper‐mantle structure in Africa. Geophys. J. Int., 95, 87–109.
    [Google Scholar]
52. Hager, B. H. (1983) Global isostatic geoid anonialies for plate and boundary layer models of the lithosphere. Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 63, 97–109.
    [Google Scholar]
53. Hager, B. H. (1984) Subducted slabs and the geoid: constraints on mantle rheology and flow. J. geophys. Res., 89, 6003–6015.
    [Google Scholar]
54. Hamdani, Y., Mareschal., J.‐C. & Arkani‐Hamed, J. (1991) Phase changes and thermal subsidence in intracon‐tinental sedimentary basins. Geophys. J. Int., 106, 657–665.
    [Google Scholar]
55. Han‐ShouLui. (1979) Mantle convection and subcrustal stresses under Australia. Modern Geol., 7, 29–36.
    [Google Scholar]
56. Hartley, R. W. (1994) Isostasy of Afica: implications for the thermomechanical behaviour of the continental lithosphere . PhD thesis, Oxford University, Department of Earth Sciences.
57. Hartley, R. W. & Watis, A. B. (1994) Isostasy of Africa and the evolution of the flexural rigidity of continental lithosphere. Earth planet. Sci. Lett., in press.
58. Haxby, W. F., Tircptte, D. L. & Bord, J. M. (1976) Thermal and mechanical evolution of the Michigan Basin. Tectonophysics. 36, 55–75.
    [Google Scholar]
59. Howell, P.D.&Van der Pluijm, B. A. (1990) Early history of the Michigan Basin: subsidence and Appalachian tectonics. Geology, 18, 1195–1198.
    [Google Scholar]
60. Hsu, K. J. (1965) Isostasy, crustal thinning, mantle changes, and thc disappearance of ancient land masses. Am. J. Sci., 263, 97–109.
    [Google Scholar]
61. Joullile, C. (1989) Caractérisation du compretment mécanique de la lithosphére continentale àpartir de données gravimétriques; implications géodynamiques pour la chaine pan‐africane du Sahara Central de I' Afrique (Air). PhD thesis, Université de Paris Sud, Orsay .
62. Jurdy, D. M. & Stefanick, M. (1983) Flow models for back‐arc spreading. Tectonophysics, 99, 191–206.
    [Google Scholar]
63. Karner, G. D. & Watts, A. B. (1983) Gravity anomalies and flexure of the lithosphere at mountain ranges. J. geophys. Res., 88, 10449–10477.
    [Google Scholar]
64. Karner, G. D. (1986) Effects of lithospheric in‐plane stress on sedimentary basin stratigraphy. Teftonil-s, 5, 573–588.
    [Google Scholar]
65. King, L. C. (1962) Morphoogy of the Earth. Hafncr, New York .
    [Google Scholar]
66. Klein, G.DeV. (1991) Origin and evolution of North American cratonic basins. South Afr J. Geol., 94, 3–18.
    [Google Scholar]
67. Klein, G.DeV. & Hsui, A. T. (1983) Structure and evolution of the intracratonic basins of central Australia. Geophys. J. Royal astron Soc., 74, 843–886.
    [Google Scholar]
68. Klein, G.DeV. & Hsui, A. T. (1987) Origins of intracratonic basins. Geology, 17, 1094–1098.
    [Google Scholar]
69. M. W.Leighton
    Kolata, D. R. & Nelson, W. J. (1991) Basin‐forming mechanisms of thc Illinois Basin. In: Cratonic Basins. (Ed. by M. W.Leighton , D. K.Kolata, D. F.Oltz & J. J.Eidel), Mem. Am. Ass. petrol. Geol., 51, 287–292.
    [Google Scholar]
70. Lambeck, K. (1983) The role of compressive forces in intracratonic basin formation and mid‐plate orogenies. Geophys Res. Lett., 10, 845–848.
    [Google Scholar]
71. M. W.Leighton
    Leighton, M. W. & Kolata, D. R. (1990) Selectcd interior basins and their place in thc scheme of global tectonics: a synthesis. In: Cratonic Basins. (Ed. by M. W.Leighton , D. R., Kolata, D. F.Oltz & J. J.Eidel), Mem. Am. Ass. petrol. Geol., 51, 729–797.
    [Google Scholar]
72. Lesquer, A., Bourmatte, A. & Dautria, J. M. (1988) Deep structure of the Hoggar domal uplift (cenatral Sahara, south Algeria) from gravity, thermal and petrological data. Tectonophysics. 152, 71–87.
    [Google Scholar]
73. Lindsay, J. F. & Korsch, R. J. (1989) Interplay of tectonics and sea‐level changes in basin evolution: an example from the intracratonic Amadeus Basin, central Ausiralia. Basin Res., 2, 3–25.
    [Google Scholar]
74. McGinis, L.D., Helgold, C. P., Ervin, C. P. & Heidi, M. (1976) The Gravity Field and ectonics of Illinois. Tech. rept. 494. Illinois Sate Geological Survey Circular.
    [Google Scholar]
75. McKenzie, D. P. (1978) Some remarks on the development of sedimentary basins. Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 40, 25–32.
    [Google Scholar]
76. McKknzie, D. P. & Bowin, C. O. (1976) The relationship between gravity and bathymetry in the Atlantic Ocean. J. geophys. Res., 81, 1903–1915.
    [Google Scholar]
77. Mercario, A., Malinverno, A. & Haxby, W.F. (1992) On the robustness of elastic thickncss cstimates using coherence methodology. EOS Trans. AGU, 73, 551 (abstract).
    [Google Scholar]
78. Middleton, M. F. (1980) A model of intracratonic basin formation entailing deep crustal metamorphism. Geophys. J. Royal astron. Soc., 62, 1–14.
    [Google Scholar]
79. Middleton, M. F. (1989). A model for the formation of intracratonic sag basins. Geophy. J. Inter., 99, 665–676.
    [Google Scholar]
80. Morgna, W. J. (1983) Hotspot tracks and the arly rifting of the Atlantic. Tectonophysics, 94, 123–139.
    [Google Scholar]
81. Neves, De. Brrro, B. B., Fuck, R. A., Cordani, U. G. & Thomaz, A. (1984) Influence of bascnient structures on the evolution of the major sedimentary basins of Brazil: a case of tectonic hcritage. J. Geodyn., 1, 495–510.
    [Google Scholar]
82. Nunn, J. A. & Sleep, N. H. (1984) Thermal contraction of the lithosphere and flexure of intracontinental basins: A three dimensional study of the Michigan Basin. Geophys. J. Royal astron. Soc., 76, 587–635.
    [Google Scholar]
83. O'connell, R. J. & Wasserburg, G. J. (1972) Dynamics of submergence and uplift of a sedimentary basin underlain by a phase changc boundary. Rev. Geophys., 10, 355–368.
    [Google Scholar]
84. Parsons, B., & McKenzie, D. P. (1978) Mantle convection and the thermal structure of the plates. J. Geoiphys. Res., 83, 4485–4496.
    [Google Scholar]
85. Pavoni, N. (1992) Rifting of Africa and pattern of mantle convection beneath the African Plate. Tectonophysics, 215, 35–53.
    [Google Scholar]
86. Petters, S. W. (1981) Stratigraphy of Chad and Iullmedden basins (West Africa). Eclag. geol. Helv. 74, 139–159.
    [Google Scholar]
87. Pichon, X.Le, Francheteau, J., & Bonnin, J. (1973) Plate Tectonics. Developments in Geodynamics, Vol. 6.Elsevier,é New York .
    [Google Scholar]
88. Poudjom Djomani, Y. H., Diament, M. & Albouy, Y. (1992) Mechanical behaviour of the lithosphere beneath the Adamawa Uplift (Cameroon, West Africa) based on gravity data. J. African Earth Sci. 15, 81–90.
    [Google Scholar]
89. Pratt, J. H. (1855) On the attraction of the Himalaya Mountains, and of the elevated regions beyond them upon a plumb‐line in India. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London, 145, 53–101.
    [Google Scholar]
90. C.Beaumont
    Quinlan, G. M. (1987) Models of subsidencc mechanisms in intracratoinc basins and their applicability to North American examples. In: Sedimentary Basins and Busin Forming Mechanisms (Ed. by C.Beaumont & A. J.I'ankard), Can. Sol-. Petrol. Geol. Mem., 12, 463–481.
    [Google Scholar]
91. Rabinowttz, P. D. & Labrecque, J. (1979) The Mesozoic South Atlantic and the evolution of its continental margins. J. geophys. Res., 84, 5973–6002.
    [Google Scholar]
92. Richards, M. A., Hager, B. H. & Sleep, N. H. (1988) Dynamically‐supported geoid highs over hotspots: observation and theory. J. geaphys. Res., 93, 7690–7708.
    [Google Scholar]
93. Richter, F. M. & Parsons, B. (1975) On the interaction of two scales of convection in the mantle. J. geophys. Res., 80, 2529–2541.
    [Google Scholar]
94. Ruppel, C., Kogan, M. G. & McNutt., M. K. (1993) Implications of new gravity data for Baikal rift zone structure. Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1635–1638.
    [Google Scholar]
95. Saiiagian, D. (1980) Sublithospheric upwelling distribution. Nature, 287, 217–218.
    [Google Scholar]
96. Sahagian, D. (1993) Structural evolution of African basins: Stratigraphic synthesis. Basin Res., 5, 41–54.
    [Google Scholar]
97. Scotese, C. R., Gahagan, L. M. & Larson, R. I., (1988) Plate tectonic reconstructions of Crctaceous and Cenozoic ocean basins. Tectonophysics, 155, 27–48.
    [Google Scholar]
98. Shudofsky, G. N. (1985) Snuck mechanisms and focal depths of East African earthquakes using Rayleigh‐wave inversion and body‐wave modelling. Geophys. J. Royal astron. Soc., 83, 563–614.
    [Google Scholar]
99. Sleep, N. H. (1971) Thermal effects of the formation of Atlantic continental margins by continental break‐up. Geophys. J. Rayal astron. Soc., 24, 325–350.
    [Google Scholar]
100. Sleep, N.H., Nunn, J.A. & Chev, L. (1980) Platform basins. Ann. Rev. Earth planet. Sci., 8, 17–34.
     [Google Scholar]
101. Sleep, N. H. & Snell, N. S. (1976) Thermal contraction and flexure of Mid‐continent and Atlantic marginal basins. Geophys. J. Royal astron. Soc., 45, 125–154.
     [Google Scholar]
102. Thiessen, R., Burke, K. & Kidd, W. S. F. (1979) African hotspots and their relation to the underlying mantle. Geology, 7, 263–266.
     [Google Scholar]
103. Treworgy, J. D., Sargent, M. L. & Kolata, D. R. (1989) Tectonic subsidence history of the Illinois Basin. Bull. Am. Ass. petrol. Geol., 73, 1040–1041.
     [Google Scholar]
104. Watts, A. B. (1978) An analysis of isostasy in the World's oceans. 1. Hawaiian—Emperor Seamount Chain. J. geophys. Res., 83, 5989–6004.
     [Google Scholar]
105. Watts, A. R. (1988) Gravity anomalies, crustal structure and flexure of the lithosphere at the Baltimore Canyon Trough. Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 89, 221–238.
     [Google Scholar]
106. Watts, A. B. & Cochran, J. R. (1974) Gravity anomalies and flexure of the lithosphere along the Hawaiian‐Emperor Seamount Chain. Geophys. J. Royal astron. Soc., 38, 119–141.
     [Google Scholar]
107. P.Kent
     Watts, A. B., Karner, G. D. & Steckler, M. S. (1982) Lithospheric flexure and the evolution of sedimentary basins. In: The Evolution of Sedimentary Basins (Ed. by P.Kent , M. H. P.Bott , D. P.McKenzie & C. A.Williams ), Transactions of the Rojd Society, London , 305A, 249–281.
     [Google Scholar]
108. Weissei., J. K. & Kakner, CI. D. (1990) Flexural uplift of rift flanks due to mechanical unbending of the lithosphere during extension. J. geophys. Res., 94, 13919–13950.
     [Google Scholar]
109. Wilson, M. & Guiraud, R. (1992) Magmatism and rifting in Western and Central Africa, from Late Jurassic to Recent times. Tectonophysics, 213, 141–151.
     [Google Scholar]
110. Wright, J. B., Hastings, D. A., Jones, W. B. & WilliamsH. R. (1985) Geology and Mineral Resources of West Africa. George Allen & Unwin, London .
     [Google Scholar]
111. Ziegler, P. A. (1992) Plate tectonics, plate‐moving mechanisms and rifting. Tectonophysics, 215, 9–34.
     [Google Scholar]
112. Zuber, M. T., Bechtel, T. D. & Forsyth, D. W. (1989) Effective elastic thickness of the lithosphere and mechanisms of isostatic compensation in Australia. J. geophys. Res., 94, 13919–13930.
     [Google Scholar]